If you work with Python on macOS and are trying to let your kids play with things like turtle you will encounter errors such as

>>> import turtle
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "~/.pyenv/versions/3.7.4/lib/python3.7/turtle.py", line 107, in <module>
    import tkinter as TK
  File "~/.pyenv/versions/3.7.4/lib/python3.7/tkinter/__init__.py", line 36, in <module>
    import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_tkinter'

If you use pyenv and brew there’s a simple way to fix it:

brew install tcl-tk
brew install pyenv  # skip if you already have pyenv installed
export PATH="/usr/local/opt/tcl-tk/bin:$PATH"
export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/tcl-tk/lib"
export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/tcl-tk/include"
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/tcl-tk/lib/pkgconfig"
export PYTHON_CONFIGURE_OPTS="--with-tcltk-includes='-I$(brew --prefix tcl-tk)/include' \
                              --with-tcltk-libs='-L$(brew --prefix tcl-tk)/lib -ltcl8.6 -ltk8.6'"
pyenv uninstall 3.8.2  # substitute here the version you're using or skip if you were not using pyenv
pyenv install $(pyenv install --list | grep -v - | grep -v b | tail -1)

After you’re done, you can now turtle along:

>>> from turtle import *
>>> color('yellow', 'blue')
>>> begin_fill()
>>> while True:
        forward(200)
        left(220)
        if abs(pos()) < 1:
            break
>>> end_fill()
>>> done()

Since having changed my main business title on LinkedIn away from Shoe Designer, I got my good share of recruiters contacting me whether I’d be interested in the best data scientists and engineers I’ve ever encountered.

At GoDataDriven we’re always hiring so my standard answer was — initially — “Yes of course, send the profile over”.

However what happened next was always more or less the following:

• I get a bunch of profiles in my inbox;
• As everyone wants to be a data scientist or data engineer, the profiles are chock full of buzzwords and it is really hard to see if someone if the real deal or not;
• After having lost north of 10 minutes per CV, googling various company names, technologies, and institutions, I made a list of people I wanted to talk to. Maybe 1 to 2 people every 20;
• Talking to these people took at least 45’, probably 1 hour including planning (I didn’t have somebody to manage my agenda);
• During this chat, I often found out glaring flaws that the recruiters should have caught, such as unwillingness to relocate, very different salary expectations, CV not being 100% honest, etc.

This means that every time a single recruiter would send me 20 CVs, I would lose 4-5 hours, scattered among multiple days. If I include a generous context-switching time lost of 2-3 hours, that meant that every recruiter interaction meant a whole day would be wasted.

I should add to this the frustration of not winning: I did not hire a single person in months. And it wasn’t for lack of clarity on my part. I onboarded each recruiter with a 30’ call explaining in details what kind of colleagues we were looking for.

Certainly something had to change. I introduced a recruiter “policy”. The policy was very simple and I would send it as soon as someone contacted me:

• You can send a maximum of 4 CVs, all at the same time;
• If we don’t hire anyone from this first batch, we terminate our relationship.

My inspiration was something that I believe Atlassian published¹. I loved this policy because it shifted most of the work from my back to the recruiters’ back².

The full day of work was reduced to 2 hours in total³ — if I didn’t hire anyone: otherwise they could send me all the CVs they wanted.

Most interestingly, lots of recruiters stopped before sending me a single CV: a strong indicator that they didn’t want to do their job and rather wanted to continue their volume game with some other fool.

How many recruiter agency did we end up working with? Just one, comprised of a single person. We love him, and kept using his service until we hired our first internal recruiter.

So next time you think you’re overwhelmed by the amount of CVs recruiters send your way, try shifting the work

On Wednesday July the 10th, the Dutch website NOS broke the news that people employed by or through Google, listen to thousands of conversations Dutch people are holding in the proximity of Google Home devices (that’s the reason I keep the microphone of my Sonos turned off).

In our company Slack, I reacted stealing John Gruber’s words about a very different topic:

Get me to the fainting couch. What a shocker.

I love the job ad for the new Africa writer for the the Economist.

They don’t care if you’re a journalist, what’s your experience, background, skin color, etc.

They only care about:

original thinking, good analytical skills and, above all, good writing.

👌🏼👍🏼👏🏼

Today HBR published an article about some causes of burnout¹. One struck a cord with me, and, as a physicist that went more into the managerial path, I’m sure I’m not the only one:

Workload […]: assess how well you’re doing in these key areas: planning your workload, prioritizing your work, delegating tasks, saying no, and letting go of perfectionism.

I think they’re all tightly coupled: if you’re good at planning, you must have prioritized properly by knowing what you can and cannot accomplish with your time, and if you have prioritized you must say no and you must have delegated tasks. If you’re good at planning, you also can’t be a perfectionist, because perfection is difficult to plan.

I struggle with three of them mostly: delegating tasks, letting go of perfection, and saying no.

Delegating tasks is hard because I can’t let go of perfection, and because I am usually not good at communicating the end result. And I am not good at communicating the end result because I delegate too little: if I were to delegate more, I would learn — from all the times it went wrong — what things are important to communicate.

Since I know that, I also know that the first times I delegate, the end result will not be what I want: again, I can’t let go of perfection.

Luckily I’m learning the hard way that I need to let go quickly in these key areas:

• Before my last holiday I was real close to losing it, and I felt it and it scared me;
• As the line of business I am running grew, I let potential opportunities slide, as I didn’t have time.

So, right before the summer, I tricked myself into start delegating. Two things helped me out:

• My daughter was going to be born (she’s arrived yesterday), so if I wanted to enjoy time with her, I had to have my hands free from work;
• I said to myself that delegating didn’t mean recognizing that somebody else was better than me at doing a task, in absolute term² and that I couldn’t do the job just as well: I said to myself that other people had either more time, or more focus, or better tools, or more experience in doing it. In other words, I could do it myself, but it was not efficient.

So here I am now, with time in my hands to write this post :)

Brent Simmons doesn’t mince words when he talks about algorithms to drive engagement, honed and “abused” by companies such as Facebook and Twitter:

My hypothesis: these algorithms — driven by the all-consuming need for engagement in order to sell ads — are part of what’s destroying western liberal democracy, and my app will not contribute to that.

I forgot to link to this very good article from David. Having almost 6 kids, I am usually not bothered by noise outside my head, but by noise inside my head.

Noise inside my head comes mostly from not having a long or well defined task. These are the kind of tasks that tends to come in through Slack¹.

To fix it I offload most of these tasks — before they reach me — to people who are better at handling them.

Companies that are business-savvy about the hidden costs of interruptions should know that they should be penny foolish and pound wise on this one.

A couple of days ago I moved the blog and the website over to Netlify.

The reasons are simple:

• The site was previously hosted on S3 + Cloudfront, but I didn’t have https enabled;
• I didn’t know how to enable https although I must not be too hard;
• The application I was using to deploy to S3 — called Stout — was unmaintained and growing old.

Every time I’ve read comments on Netlify the message was the same: it’s easy to set up, and once you’ve set it up, you can forget about it.

I gave myself 5’ to try: if I could do it, good, otherwise I would stay on the current setup.

Well, not only I could do it, but the whole project was undistinguishable from magic. They took care of everything for blog.lanzani.nl and lanzani.nl, including serving the naked domain (previously it would be forwarded to www.lanzani.nl, something that always bothered me).

As they integrate with GitHub and hugo, I don’t even need to build the website anymore, they do it for me every time I push the repo!

So the end result is that you can read this blog without fearing that someone has tampered with the content!

This is another post that is totally a note for my future self.

I don’t write on this blog often. But what I do, a lot, is read what other people write on their blog. I do that through the wonderful capabilities of RSS.

Doing so in a sane manner involves a few moving parts:

• One or multiple feeds you want to read. This is the easy part;
• A server that keeps track of them
• The server should provide a good interface to read on the web;
• Bonus points if the server also provides an API so that I can use apps to read the articles.

Up until a couple of weeks ago I was using a simple pair: Stringer, hosted on a spare GCP machine, and Unread on iOS. Stringer offers a nice reading experience on the web, so I didn’t need an app for my Mac.

However, as the spare machine wasn’t spare anymore I started looking for something else as I did not like the fact that Stringer was an unmaintained Ruby app anymore. I have nothing against Ruby, but the fact that the app was unmaintained meant running a potentially insecure application.

There are many RSS readers as a service since Google Reader shut down:

• Feedbin
• Newsblur
• Bazqux
• The Old Reader
• And many more.

The only “problem” is that these services cost from approximately $2 to $5 a month. Can I do something for free?

At first I thought about running stringer on one of my Raspberry Pis. They are pretty powerful and I don’t have that many feeds I need to read.

But if I do that, I possibly want to have everything working in a semi-automatic fashion, so that there’s little to no manual work if the SD is my Raspberry Pi goes south.

The easiest solution — for single machine scenarios and where seconds of downtime are OK — is to use Docker with docker-compose.

This is where, however, Ruby and the Ruby version stringer uses (2.3.3) are painful:

• There were no official Ruby 2.3.3 images for ARM (that I could find);
• Updating to the latest 2.3 version (2.3.8 at the time of this writing) would trigger some bug that I was not able to fix;
• Updating to 2.3.4 would have everything working, but
• The image for stringer using Ruby 2.3.4 is 857MB: not exactly small;
• As I would need to customize the stringer docker image heavily (to make it compatible with 2.3.4, plus some other small details), that would mean building the images from time to time when new security updates get pushed (if they ever do);
• Doing the above is doable with one of the many CI/CD services out there (for example Azure Pipelines) but since the build needs to be for ARM on an X86 server, extra care and configuration is needed (buildx is not generally available yet).

If you’re a bit like me, the above feels like a chore and change of many headaches (that’s probably why all those RSS as a service services exist in the first place).

So I turned to Reddit to see what others are doing. While searching here and there, I came across a thread where they mention miniflux.

When I looked at the website, I couldn’t believe it: it has everything I need and then some more:

• Easy to get started with;
• Provides ARM images out of the box;
• Written in Go and hence very small to host (compared to the 857MB of stringer, miniflux docker image is 17MB, 50x smaller);
• Written in Go and hence faster than non-optimized Ruby (and it certainly feels a lot faster than stringer);
• Like stringer, it implements the Fever API, meaning I can use it with Unread.

Requirements

Now that I have settled down on the server, what else do I need?

• I already said that I want Docker support;
• Possibly everything should be scriptable, for 99% of the code (I am OK running a couple of scripts manually);
• I want https: if I’m entering a password it should be secure;
• I (ideally) want the latest security patches quickly, without much maintenance;
• It should be easy.

The solution

After a bit of googling, I’ve come up with the following folder structure and files to serve my needs:

.
├── data
│   └── nginx
│       └── app.conf
├── docker-compose.yml
└── init-letsencrypt.sh

Let’s see the content of each file.

version: '3'
services:
  database.postgres:
    image: postgres:9.6-alpine
    container_name: postgres
    ports:
      - 5432:5432
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=<insert_pg_password>
      - POSTGRES_USER=miniflux
      - POSTGRES_DB=miniflux
    volumes:
      - ./data/postgres:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    restart: always

  service.rss:
    image: miniflux/miniflux:latest
    container_name: miniflux
    ports:
      - 8080:8080
    depends_on:
      - database.postgres
    environment:
      - DATABASE_URL=postgres://miniflux:<insert_pg_password>@database.postgres:5432/miniflux?sslmode=disable
      - RUN_MIGRATIONS=1
      - CREATE_ADMIN=1
      - ADMIN_USERNAME=admin
      - ADMIN_PASSWORD=<insert_miniflux_password>
    restart: always

  nginx:
    image: nginx
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./data/nginx:/etc/nginx/conf.d
      - ./data/certbot/conf:/etc/letsencrypt
      - ./data/certbot/www:/var/www/certbot
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    command: "/bin/sh -c 'while :; do sleep 6h & wait $${!}; nginx -s reload; done & nginx -g \"daemon off;\"'"

  certbot:
    image: tobi312/rpi-certbot
    restart: unless-stopped
    volumes:
      - ./data/certbot/conf:/etc/letsencrypt
      - ./data/certbot/www:/var/www/certbot
    entrypoint: "/bin/sh -c 'trap exit TERM; while :; do certbot renew; sleep 12h & wait $${!}; done;'"

  watchtower:
    image: v2tec/watchtower:armhf-latest
    restart: always
    volumes:
      - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
      - /root/.docker/config.json:/config.json
    command: --interval 604800

The docker-compose.yml contains quite some images:

• The postgres one is simple: we need a database with a user;
• The miniflux one is configured as per their docs;
• ngix is also pretty simple: we add a couple of touches: we mount the configuration folder, we mount the letsencrypt certificates, and the www folder to put the verification for letsencrypt;
• rpi-certbot is an ARM-ready image with certbot
• watchtower is a docker image that looks (in my case every 604800 seconds, every week) that all the images I’m using are up to date. If not, the image will be updated. This is especially relevant for nginx and miniflux which are the containers facing the users.

For nginx the app.conf file is needed. Its content is

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name <my_domain>;
    server_tokens off;

    location /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
        root /var/www/certbot;
    }

    location / {
        return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
    }
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl;
    server_name <my_domain>;
    server_tokens off;
    resolver 127.0.0.11;
    set $upstream service.rss:8080;

    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/<my_domain>/fullchain.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/<my_domain>/privkey.pem;
    include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
    ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;

    location / {
        proxy_pass  http://$upstream;
        proxy_set_header    Host                $http_host;
        proxy_set_header    X-Real-IP           $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header    X-Forwarded-For     $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Ssl     on;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto   $scheme;
        proxy_set_header  X-Frame-Options     SAMEORIGIN;

        client_max_body_size        100m;
        client_body_buffer_size     128k;

        proxy_buffer_size           4k;
        proxy_buffers               4 32k;
        proxy_busy_buffers_size     64k;
        proxy_temp_file_write_size  64k;
    }
}

There’s not much to explain here. The last snippet is the init-letsencrypt.sh. The script “bootstraps” nginx for the first time: since we want https, but we cannot have it without certificates, but we cannot ask certificates without a running nginx, this script creates fake certificates, start nginx, removes the certificates, and then request real ones through letsencrypt. The content is quite long, but here you go:

#!/bin/bash

if ! [ -x "$(command -v docker-compose)" ]; then
  echo 'Error: docker-compose is not installed.' >&2
  exit 1
fi

domains=(<my_domain>)
rsa_key_size=4096
data_path="./data/certbot"
email="" # Adding a valid address is strongly recommended
staging=0 # Set to 1 if you're testing your setup to avoid hitting request limits

if [ -d "$data_path" ]; then
  read -p "Existing data found for $domains. Continue and replace existing certificate? (y/N) " decision
  if [ "$decision" != "Y" ] && [ "$decision" != "y" ]; then
    exit
  fi
fi


if [ ! -e "$data_path/conf/options-ssl-nginx.conf" ] || [ ! -e "$data_path/conf/ssl-dhparams.pem" ]; then
  echo "### Downloading recommended TLS parameters ..."
  mkdir -p "$data_path/conf"
  curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/certbot/certbot/master/certbot-nginx/certbot_nginx/options-ssl-nginx.conf > "$data_path/conf/options-ssl-nginx.conf"
  curl -s https://raw.githubusercontent.com/certbot/certbot/master/certbot/ssl-dhparams.pem > "$data_path/conf/ssl-dhparams.pem"
  echo
fi

echo "### Creating dummy certificate for $domains ..."
path="$data_path/conf/live/$domains"
mkdir -p "$data_path/conf/live/$domains"
openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:1024 -days 1 \
  -keyout $path/privkey.pem \
  -out $path/fullchain.pem \
  -subj '/CN=localhost'
echo


echo "### Starting nginx ..."
docker-compose up --force-recreate -d nginx
echo

echo "### Deleting dummy certificate for $domains ..."
docker-compose run --rm --entrypoint "\
  rm -Rf /etc/letsencrypt/live/$domains && \
  rm -Rf /etc/letsencrypt/archive/$domains && \
  rm -Rf /etc/letsencrypt/renewal/$domains.conf" certbot
echo


echo "### Requesting Let's Encrypt certificate for $domains ..."
#Join $domains to -d args
domain_args=""
for domain in "${domains[@]}"; do
  domain_args="$domain_args -d $domain"
done

# Select appropriate email arg
case "$email" in
  "") email_arg="--register-unsafely-without-email" ;;
  *) email_arg="--email $email" ;;
esac

# Enable staging mode if needed
if [ $staging != "0" ]; then staging_arg="--staging"; fi

docker-compose run --rm --entrypoint "\
  certbot certonly --webroot -w /var/www/certbot \
    $staging_arg \
    $email_arg \
    $domain_args \
    --rsa-key-size $rsa_key_size \
    --agree-tos \
    --force-renewal" certbot
echo

echo "### Reloading nginx ..."
docker-compose exec nginx nginx -s reload

For this and for app.conf file I took inspiration from the nginx-certbot repository with some modification: I’m using rpi-certbot instead of certbot and the openssl utility that comes with the Raspberry (if it doesn’t, use sudo apt-get install openssl to get it).

Outside the Raspberry

The outside world need to know where to find your Raspberry and should be able to get there. Doing so is outside the scope of this post, but in general

• Find your external IP address (and hope it’s static or use a service such as Dyn)
• Update the DNS of your (sub)domain (For example reader.lanzani.nl)
• Assign a static DNS to your Raspberry from your router
• Route port 80 and 443 in your router so that the traffic is handled by the Raspberry (port 80 is necessary for the letsencrypt verification).

Start everything

Once all these files are in place, you are in the right folder, and you have updated the various variables marked with <> (passwords and domain name) in the files above you can get rolling with

curl -sSL https://get.docker.com | sh
pip install --user docker-compose
bash init-letsencrypt.sh
docker-compose up

Now visit your (sub)domain, use admin as the user and the password you have chosen to log in. Enjoy the rest!

This is totally a note for my future self.

Sometimes when working with git I find myself having to create a patch, because I had to merge in my feature branch more than once, but I want to have a single commit when doing a PR.

Assuming I want to merge against master, and my branch is called feature, I can do the following

git checkout feature
git merge master
git diff master..feature > patch.diff
git checkout master  # the new branch should stem from master
git checkout -b feature-patch  # need a different name
git apply --ignore-space-change --ignore-whitespace patch.diff
git add .  # assuming it's a clear working directory, besides the branch
git commit -m "Add reassuring commit message here"
git push -f origin feature-patch:feature  # this will push feature-patch on the feature branch

It seems involved, but once you get the hang of it, it’s pretty fast.